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Puertos de entrada-salida explicados por Semalt Expert

En computadoras, cualquier dispositivo (por ejemplo, un controlador instalado en una tarjeta de expansión o una placa base) excepto que la RAM se trata como un periférico por CPU. El intercambio de datos entre el procesador central y los dispositivos periféricos se lleva a cabo a través de puertos de entrada y salida. El puerto IO es un dispositivo de almacenamiento intermedio o registro de un controlador, procesador de señal digital, etc., que están conectados directamente al bus IO de la computadora. A través de los puertos de entrada y salida, puede conectar una variedad de dispositivos internos y externos a su computadora para expandir sus capacidades.

Los puertos IO le permiten establecer una conexión entre los dispositivos y el software en la computadora. Son similares a los canales de radio bidireccionales ya que el intercambio de información en cualquier dirección ocurre en el mismo canal.

Dirección del puerto

Para controlar el intercambio de datos entre los dispositivos de la computadora, a cada puerto IO se le asigna su propio número único: dirección del puerto. En PC, el código de 16 bits se usa para direccionar puertos IO. Por lo tanto, hay 216 = 65 536 puertos, numerados de OOOOh a FFFFh. El rango de IO estándar para computadoras compatibles con IBM es 0-3FFh. Estos incluyen puertos para controladores de teclado, discos duros y disquetes, adaptadores de video EGA / VGA, tarjetas de sonido, interfaces seriales y paralelas, puertos de juegos y cualquier otro equipo periférico. Un dispositivo periférico es capaz de usar múltiples puertos IO. Tenga en cuenta que puede usar direcciones hasta FFFFh. Por ejemplo, los puertos del procesador de síntesis WT de la tarjeta de sonido tienen un rango IO de 620h-E23h.

Los puertos son procesados por el procesador central al ejecutar un programa. Para evitar indicar la dirección específica de cada puerto IO periférico durante la programación, así como cambiar la dirección rápidamente dependiendo de la configuración particular de la computadora, se utiliza la dirección base IO. La dirección base se asigna a cada dispositivo periférico y corresponde a la dirección más baja en el grupo de puertos. El direccionamiento de los puertos restantes de un dispositivo periférico se lleva a cabo especificando el desplazamiento relativo a la dirección base.

La dirección base IO del dispositivo periférico puede ser cualquier dirección desde el rango IO. BIOS se reserva parte de la gama IO para dispositivos de hardware estándar que no pueden ser utilizados por otros periféricos. Por ejemplo, para la interfaz LPT1, se reserva el rango IO 378h - 37Eh en el que se puede seleccionar la dirección base IO. Luego, la posibilidad de conflictos se eliminará al abordar los puertos a nivel de hardware y software. Dado que se utilizan tres registros para el control y la monitorización de LPT1, dentro de este rango IO, hay 5 valores posibles de la dirección base: 378h-s-37Ch.

IO programado

Para el intercambio de datos con puertos, se usa la entrada / salida programada (PIO). Transmite palabras con una profundidad de bit de 8, 16 o 32 bits utilizando comandos de cadena. La palabra puede transmitirse durante uno o más ciclos de bus con una indicación de la dirección correspondiente en cada ciclo de acceso a la memoria. Los ciclos de intercambio de bus se inician durante la ejecución de un comando IO. El número de ciclos depende de la alineación de la dirección a lo largo del límite de palabra y la profundidad del bit de datos del bus usado. La velocidad de intercambio de datos PIO excede la velocidad de intercambio del canal estándar de acceso directo a memoria (DMA).

Max Bell
Thank you all for taking the time to read my article and for your comments!
James Thompson
Great article, Max! Very informative and well-explained.
Emma Wilson
@James Thompson I agree! It's good to see such comprehensive explanations in one place.
Max Bell
@James Thompson Thank you, James! I'm glad you found it helpful.
Lucy Parker
This article cleared up a lot of confusion I had. Thank you, Max!
Max Bell
@Lucy Parker You're welcome, Lucy! I'm happy to hear that it helped clarify things for you.
David Adams
Good job, Max! Semalt is doing great work in simplifying complex topics like this.
Max Bell
@David Adams Thank you for your kind words, David! Semalt is indeed dedicated to making complex concepts more accessible.
Andrew Thompson
Max, your articles are always on point. Keep up the great work!
Max Bell
@Andrew Thompson I appreciate your support and encouragement, Andrew! I'll definitely continue to create informative content.
Sophia Lee
I love how Semalt's articles are both educational and easy to understand. Great job!
Max Bell
@Sophia Lee Thank you, Sophia! Making complex topics accessible is always our goal at Semalt.
Michael Wright
I've been following your articles for a while now, Max, and they never disappoint. Keep up the good work!
Max Bell
@Michael Wright Thank you for being a loyal reader, Michael! I'm glad you find my articles valuable.
Olivia Davis
Max, your explanations are always so clear. I learn something new from each of your articles.
Max Bell
@Olivia Davis I'm thrilled to hear that, Olivia! It's my aim to provide clear and educational content to my readers.
Henry Wilson
Really interesting article, Max. I had limited knowledge about this topic, but now I feel much more informed.
Max Bell
@Henry Wilson I'm glad I could help expand your knowledge, Henry! Thank you for your feedback.
Emily Thompson
This article was exactly what I needed. It answered all my questions. Thanks, Max!
Max Bell
@Emily Thompson You're welcome, Emily! I'm thrilled to hear that it addressed all your questions.
Joshua Martinez
Semalt consistently provides top-notch content. Max, your articles are a valuable resource.
Max Bell
@Joshua Martinez Thank you for your kind words, Joshua! I'm glad you find Semalt's content valuable.
Sophie Anderson
Great article, Max! Semalt's expertise shines through again.
Max Bell
@Sophie Anderson Thank you, Sophie! Semalt's team works diligently to provide expert insights.
Liam Evans
Max, your articles always simplify complex topics, making them easier to understand. Great job!
Max Bell
@Liam Evans I'm glad you find my articles helpful, Liam! Making complex topics more understandable is my goal.
Scarlett Hernandez
Semalt's articles are always comprehensive and well-researched. This one is no exception. Well done, Max!
Max Bell
@Scarlett Hernandez Thank you for your kind words, Scarlett! We strive to provide in-depth content at Semalt.
Daniel Moore
I appreciate how you break down complex concepts into simple explanations, Max. It makes learning so much easier!
Max Bell
@Daniel Moore I'm happy to hear that, Daniel! Simplifying complex concepts is crucial for effective learning.
Mia Thompson
Another great article, Max! Semalt's expertise is unmatched.
Max Bell
@Mia Thompson Thank you, Mia! The expertise of Semalt's team is indeed exceptional.
Adam Brown
Max, your articles are always insightful and well-written. Semalt is fortunate to have you.
Max Bell
@Adam Brown Thank you for your kind words, Adam! I'm grateful to be a part of Semalt's team.
Grace Wilson
Great work, Max! Your articles make complex concepts easy to grasp.
Max Bell
@Grace Wilson I appreciate your feedback, Grace! Simplifying complex topics is a priority for me.
Jack Carter
This article was incredibly helpful, Max! Thank you for sharing your expertise.
Max Bell
@Jack Carter You're welcome, Jack! I'm pleased to hear that it was helpful to you.
Amelia White
Max, your articles are always informative and well-explained. I appreciate your expertise.
Max Bell
@Amelia White Thank you for your kind words, Amelia! I'm glad you find my articles valuable.
Matthew Clark
Semalt consistently delivers high-quality content. Your articles are no exception, Max!
Max Bell
@Matthew Clark Thank you, Matthew! Quality content is always a priority for Semalt.
Victoria Hall
I've learned so much from your articles, Max. Keep them coming!
Max Bell
@Victoria Hall I'm thrilled to hear that, Victoria! I'll continue to create educational content.
Owen Moore
Max, your articles are always well-detailed and easy to follow. Excellent work!
Max Bell
@Owen Moore Thank you for your kind words, Owen! I'm glad you find my articles easy to follow.
Abigail Taylor
This article provided a clear understanding of the topic. Thanks, Max!
Max Bell
@Abigail Taylor You're welcome, Abigail! I'm pleased to hear that it provided clarity for you.
Leo Adams
Your articles are always well-researched and insightful, Max. Semalt is lucky to have you!
Max Bell
@Leo Adams Thank you for your kind words, Leo! I feel fortunate to be part of Semalt's team.
Isabella Thompson
Max, your articles are always thorough and informative. Keep up the fantastic work!
Max Bell
@Isabella Thompson Thank you, Isabella! I'm glad you find my articles informative.
Leo Wilson
Another great article, Max! Your explanations are always easy to understand.
Max Bell
@Leo Wilson I appreciate your feedback, Leo! Making complex concepts approachable is my goal.
Elizabeth Parker
Max, your articles are always enlightening. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Max Bell
@Elizabeth Parker You're welcome, Elizabeth! I'm glad you find my articles enlightening.
John Mitchell
Great article, Max! Semalt consistently produces valuable content.
Max Bell
@John Mitchell Thank you, John! Semalt's commitment to valuable content is unwavering.
Ella Thomas
Your articles are always well-written and engaging, Max. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Max Bell
@Ella Thomas I'm pleased to hear that, Ella! Sharing knowledge is at the heart of what I do.
Lucas Lopez
Another insightful article, Max! Semalt's expertise shines through.
Max Bell
@Lucas Lopez Thank you, Lucas! Semalt's dedication to expertise is reflected in our content.
Emily Clark
Max, your articles are always a pleasure to read. Semalt's expertise is commendable.
Max Bell
@Emily Clark Thank you for your kind words, Emily! Semalt's expertise is indeed commendable.
Sophia Evans
Great article, Max! Semalt's commitment to providing educational content is impressive.
Max Bell
@Sophia Evans Thank you, Sophia! Education is one of Semalt's core values.
Daniel Robinson
Max, your articles are always clear and concise. Thank you for sharing your knowledge!
Max Bell
@Daniel Robinson I appreciate your feedback, Daniel! Sharing knowledge is my passion.
Grace Lewis
Max, your articles are always well-structured and easy to follow. Great job!
Max Bell
@Grace Lewis Thank you, Grace! I'm glad you find my articles easy to follow.
Lucas Moore
Semalt consistently provides valuable content. Great work, Max!
Max Bell
@Lucas Moore Thank you, Lucas! Semalt's dedication to valuable content is unwavering.
Emily Roberts
This article was exactly what I needed to understand the topic. Thank you, Max!
Max Bell
@Emily Roberts You're welcome, Emily! I'm thrilled to hear that it helped you understand the topic better.
Noah Thomas
Your articles are always well-articulated and comprehensive, Max. Semalt is lucky to have you!
Max Bell
@Noah Thomas Thank you for your kind words, Noah! I'm grateful to be part of Semalt's team.
Ava Walker
Another fantastic article, Max! Semalt's commitment to quality content is evident.
Max Bell
@Ava Walker Thank you, Ava! Quality content is always a priority for Semalt.
Oliver Smith
Max, your articles are always informative and easy to understand. Thank you for sharing your expertise.
Max Bell
@Oliver Smith I'm pleased to hear that, Oliver! Sharing my expertise is always a pleasure.
Emma Thompson
Your articles make complex topics accessible, Max. Semalt's expertise shines through.
Max Bell
@Emma Thompson Thank you, Emma! Simplifying complex topics is a priority at Semalt.
Isaac Robinson
Max, your articles are always educational and well-researched. I appreciate your expertise.
Max Bell
@Isaac Robinson Thank you for your feedback, Isaac! I'm glad you find my articles valuable.
Maria Perez
Great article, Max! Semalt consistently delivers valuable insights.
Max Bell
@Maria Perez Thank you, Maria! Providing valuable insights is at the core of Semalt's mission.
Ethan Murphy
This article was exactly what I was looking for. Your expertise is highly appreciated, Max!
Max Bell
@Ethan Murphy You're welcome, Ethan! I'm thrilled to hear that it met your expectations.
Ava Lee
Your articles are always well-explained and easy to follow, Max. Semalt's content is top-notch.
Max Bell
@Ava Lee Thank you, Ava! Ensuring content is easy to follow is crucial for effective learning.
Daniel Turner
Great work, Max! Your articles are always informative and insightful.
Max Bell
@Daniel Turner Thank you for your kind words, Daniel! I'm glad you find my articles valuable.
Sophie Jackson
Your articles are always well-researched and comprehensive, Max. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Max Bell
@Sophie Jackson I appreciate your feedback, Sophie! Sharing knowledge is my passion.
David Lewis
Great article, Max! Semalt consistently provides high-quality content.
Max Bell
@David Lewis Thank you, David! Semalt's commitment to high-quality content is unwavering.
Emily Turner
Your articles always simplify complex topics, Max. Thank you for making learning easier!
Max Bell
@Emily Turner I'm happy to hear that, Emily! Simplifying complex topics is crucial for effective learning.
Jackson Barnes
Max, your articles are always insightful and educational. Keep up the great work!
Max Bell
@Jackson Barnes Thank you for your support, Jackson! I'll continue to deliver insightful content.
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