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Porte di input-output spiegate da Semalt Expert

by
Feb 08, 2018

Nei computer, qualsiasi dispositivo (ad esempio, un controller installato su una scheda di espansione o una scheda madre) eccetto che la RAM viene trattata come una periferica dalla CPU. Lo scambio di dati tra l'elaboratore centrale e i dispositivi periferici viene effettuato tramite porte di input-output. La porta IO è un dispositivo buffer o un registro di un controller, un processore di segnali digitali, ecc. Che sono direttamente collegati al bus IO del computer. Attraverso le porte di input-output, puoi collegare una varietà di dispositivi interni ed esterni al tuo computer per espandere le sue capacità.

Le porte IO consentono di stabilire una connessione tra i dispositivi e il software nel computer. Sono simili ai canali radio bidirezionali poiché lo scambio di informazioni in entrambe le direzioni avviene sullo stesso canale.

Indirizzo porta

Per controllare lo scambio di dati tra dispositivi informatici, a ciascuna porta IO è assegnato il proprio numero univoco - indirizzo porta. Su PC Il codice a 16 bit viene utilizzato per indirizzare le porte IO. Pertanto, ci sono 216 = 65 536 porte, numerate da OOOOh a FFFFh. L'intervallo di I / O standard per i computer compatibili con IBM è 0-3FFh. Questi includono porte per controller di tastiera, dischi rigidi e floppy disk, adattatori video EGA / VGA, schede audio, interfacce seriali e parallele, porte di gioco e qualsiasi altra periferica. Un dispositivo periferico è in grado di utilizzare più porte IO. Si noti che è possibile utilizzare effettivamente indirizzi fino a FFFFh. Ad esempio, le porte del processore di sintesi WT della scheda audio hanno un intervallo IO 620h-E23h.

Le porte vengono indirizzate dal processore centrale quando si esegue un programma. Per evitare di indicare l'indirizzo specifico di ogni porta IO periferica durante la programmazione e di modificare prontamente l'indirizzo in base alla particolare configurazione del computer, viene utilizzato l'indirizzo di base IO. L'indirizzo di base è assegnato a ciascun dispositivo periferico e corrisponde all'indirizzo più basso nel gruppo di porte. L'indirizzamento delle porte rimanenti di un dispositivo periferico viene effettuato specificando l'offset relativo all'indirizzo di base.

L'indirizzo di base IO del dispositivo periferico può essere un qualsiasi indirizzo del campo I / O. Il BIOS riserva parte del range IO per dispositivi hardware standard che non possono essere utilizzati da altre periferiche. Ad esempio, per l'interfaccia LPT1, l'intervallo IO 378h - 37Eh è riservato in cui è possibile selezionare l'indirizzo di base IO. Quindi la possibilità di conflitti verrà eliminata quando si affrontano le porte a livello di hardware-software. Poiché tre registri sono utilizzati per il controllo e il monitoraggio di LPT1, all'interno di questo intervallo di I / O, ci sono 5 possibili valori dell'indirizzo di base - 378h-s-37Ch.

I / O programmato

Per lo scambio di dati con ingresso / uscita programmata delle porte (PIO). Trasmette parole con una profondità di bit di 8, 16 o 32 bit usando i comandi di stringa. La parola può essere trasmessa per uno o più cicli di bus con l'indicazione dell'indirizzo corrispondente in ciascun ciclo di accesso alla memoria. I cicli di scambio del bus vengono avviati durante l'esecuzione di un comando IO. Il numero di cicli dipende dall'allineamento dell'indirizzo lungo il limite della parola e dalla profondità del bit di dati del bus utilizzato. La velocità di scambio dati PIO supera la velocità di scambio del canale DMA (Direct Memory Access) standard.

Max Bell
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Max Bell
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Max Bell
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Max Bell
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Cristina Costa
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Elena De Luca
Max, your article helped me understand input-output ports better. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
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Elisa Pellegrini
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Andrea D'Amico
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Roberto Ferretti
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Claudia Gatti
Max Bell, your article provided a thorough explanation of input-output ports. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Simone Gallo
Max, your article on input-output ports was really enlightening. Thank you for sharing your expertise.
Alessandro Pellegrini
Great article, Max! It clarified the concept of input-output ports for me.
Simona Lombardi
Max Bell, your article was very informative. Thank you for sharing your expertise on input-output ports.
Andrea Rizzo
Max, your article was a great resource for understanding input-output ports. Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us.
Francesca Greco
Great article, Max! It provided a clear and concise explanation of input-output ports.
Stefano Marini
Max Bell, your article on input-output ports was very helpful. Thank you for breaking it down for us.
Elisa Romano
Max, your article helped me understand input-output ports better. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
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